BIS study questions decentralization in DeFi liquidity provision

As a seasoned researcher with extensive experience in both traditional and decentralized finance, I find myself intrigued by the BIS’s recent findings on Uniswap v3. While the technological implementation of DeFi may promise democratization, the reality seems to be different. The concentration of liquidity provision in a few sophisticated players challenges the very ethos of DEXs – to democratize financial systems.


In a nutshell, the idea behind Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is to make financial markets more accessible and democratic. However, according to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), it might not be as decentralized as it seems when it comes to liquidity providers on these platforms.

On November 19th, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) released a research paper examining Uniswap v3, one of the major Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) within the DeFi sector. In this study, the BIS aimed to determine whether liquidity provision in DEXs indeed democratizes financial markets or if it resembles traditional markets, where a few significant entities hold most of the power.

The Bank for International Settlements scrutinized the Ethereum blockchain, focusing on the leading 250 liquidity pools within Uniswap to determine if individual liquidity providers (retail) could effectively challenge institutional suppliers.

Liquidity provision in DeFi is “not decentralized”

In simpler terms, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) discovered that while the technology behind liquidity provision might be decentralized, the actual control is not. This is because a small group of advanced market participants, or retail LPs, tend to underperform when compared to a select few dominant players in the liquidity market.

According to the report, these players control approximately 80% of the total ‘locked’ value and primarily concentrate on liquidity pools with high trading activity and lower volatility.

The study found that retail LPs earn a lower share of trading fees and experience lower relative investment returns. Additionally, the BIS noted that retail providers “lose money on a risk-adjusted basis.” 

Although the paper only focused on Uniswap, the researchers believe that Uniswap v3 is “not special,” and its findings could apply to other DEXs. They suggested that future research should examine the roles of retail and institutional participants across various DeFi applications, such as lending and borrowing.

Institutional dominance challenges the ethos of DEXs

According to the report, dominant Institutional Liquidity Providers in the market pose a challenge to the core values of Decentralized Exchange Systems, as they strive for financial equality. The study suggests that the power to supply liquidity is largely controlled by these institutions, which can put retail investors at a disadvantage.

In addition, the researchers pointed out that the findings from this study imply that several economic factors causing centralization within traditional finance may be “natural traits” or “intrinsic qualities” of the financial system, encompassing Decentralized Finance (DeFi) as well.

In the paper, it was proposed that just letting everyone join doesn’t necessarily result in a completely “decentralized” market environment.

Although it has received some criticism, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) recognizes that Decentralized Finance (DeFi) encounters less hurdles in terms of regulation, operation, and technology compared to conventional banking systems.

Liquidity provision “much worse” in traditional finance

Economist Gordon Liao countered the findings by suggesting a different interpretation of the data, which seems to point towards a conclusion that is nearly the opposite.

As an analyst, I recently came across a statement made by Liao, formerly the head of research for Uniswap. He pointed out that the “sophisticated traders” who account for approximately 80% of the fees earned, experience a relatively modest increase of less than 15% in their fee income.

“That’s hardly a feat over less-sophisticated passive users,” Liao argued.

According to a study published in the Journal of Financial Economics, as stated by Liao, the circumstances are significantly more challenging for providers of liquidity within conventional finance.

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2024-11-20 11:52