Beyond Averages: Understanding the Impact of Mesoscopic Fluctuations
![The system’s free energy, charted as a function of frustration-with cohesive energy held constant at [latex]u = -1[/latex]-reveals a critical threshold where the energy of frustrated matter intersects that of a pure crystalline solid, indicating a transition point governed by the balance between order and disorder within the material.](https://arxiv.org/html/2601.15782v1/x2.png)
This review details a new theoretical approach for characterizing how fluctuations at the mesoscale fundamentally shape the behavior of complex systems and influence phase transitions.








